A11yLTLNav: Automatic Detection of Accessibility Navigation Failures

For blind and low-vision (BLV) screen-reader users, a website that appears accessible in a static snapshot can become difficult or impossible to navigate once interaction begins. Yet, most automated accessibility checkers miss failures involving focus, interface state, and accessible feedback across interactions. We present A11yLTLNav, a property-based approach for automatically detecting accessibility navigation failures. Through a structured review of prior research, we organize accessibility navigation failures into a failure taxonomy and formalize a browser-observable subset as executable Linear Temporal Logic properties over action-state traces. A11yLTLNav combines random keyboard exploration with runtime property monitoring to detect these failures during interactions. We evaluate A11yLTLNav on 31 generated websites based on real-world websites and tasks. It reported 309 accessibility failures, of which 274 were confirmed, achieving 88.7% precision and identifying more confirmed failures than the comparison checkers. Our results show that A11yLTLNav transforms accessibility knowledge into reusable checks of interface behavior over time.