{"ID":6422104,"CreatedAt":"2026-07-11T13:18:31.416614873Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-07-11T13:18:31.416614873Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.0462","arxiv_id":"1204.0462","title":"Time Synchronization Attack in Smart Grid-Part II: Cross Layer Detection Mechanism","abstract":"A novel time synchronization attack (TSA) on wide area monitoring systems in smart grid has been identified in the first part of this paper. A cross layer detection mechanism is proposed to combat TSA in part II of this paper. In the physical layer, we propose a GPS carrier signal noise ratio (C/No) based spoofing detection technique. In addition, a patch-monopole hybrid antenna is applied to receive GPS signal. By computing the standard deviation of the C/No difference from two GPS receivers, a priori probability of spoofing detection is fed to the upper layer, where power system state is estimated and controlled. A trustworthiness based evaluation method is applied to identify the PMU being under TSA. Both the physical layer and upper layer algorithms are integrated to detect the TSA, thus forming a cross layer mechanism. Experiment is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed TSA detection algorithm.","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1204.0462v1","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1204.0462v1","authors":"Zhenghao Zhang, Matthew Trinkle, Aleksandar D. Dimitrovski, Husheng Li","published":"2012-04-02T16:38:01Z","has_code":false}