{"ID":5551869,"CreatedAt":"2026-07-02T01:54:51.863792489Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-07-04T06:25:51.571775532Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.00512","arxiv_id":"2607.00512","title":"From Structural Equation Modelling to Double Machine Learning: Robustness Analysis for Survey-Based Research","abstract":"Structural equation modelling (SEM) is widely used in survey-based business and information systems research to assess latent constructs and theory-driven structural relationships. However, SEM path significance is obtained within a particular model specification and may not show whether findings remain stable under alternative estimation frameworks. This study develops and demonstrates a staged robustness analysis framework that connects SEM, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and Double Machine Learning (DML). SEM is first used to refine the measurement structure and estimate the robustness-baseline SEM model, in which the full theory-specified structural path system is retained for downstream robustness analysis before final structural path evaluation. OLS regression is then applied to SEM-derived construct scores as a transparent regression benchmark. Finally, DML-style residualisation is used to examine whether each tested focal relationship remains stable after flexible machine-learning-based adjustment for observed controls. Learner-sensitivity checks compare Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Machine learners, and selected reverse-direction diagnostics are used to examine directional sensitivity. The framework is demonstrated using a FinTech Digital Customer Intimacy survey model. The findings identify which relationships are stable across SEM, OLS, and DML-style checks, and which require more cautious interpretation. A reproducible Google Colab workbook and generated result files are publicly available, providing a reusable template that researchers and students can adapt to other survey-based latent-construct studies. The paper contributes a practical robustness workflow and interpretation guide for survey-based researchers seeking to complement SEM with conventional and machine-learning-based robustness checks.","short_abstract":"Structural equation modelling (SEM) is widely used in survey-based business and information systems research to assess latent constructs and theory-driven structural relationships. However, SEM path significance is obtained within a particular model specification and may not show whether findings remain stable under al...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.00512","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.00512v1","authors":"[\"Ka Ching Chan\",\"Qiana Liu\",\"Sanjib Tiwari\",\"Ranga Chimhundu\"]","published":"2026-07-01T06:46:33Z","proceeding":"cs.LG","tasks":"[\"cs.LG\",\"stat.ML\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}