{"ID":2923699,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-02T04:05:25.881865328Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-04T07:41:34.29888543Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02181","arxiv_id":"2606.02181","title":"The Unicity Execution Layer","abstract":"This paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a modular component of the Unicity framework enabling secure off-chain transactions while maintaining trustless double-spending prevention. We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures. We prove three fundamental security properties: (1) no double-spending--each token state can be spent at most once, (2) no blocking--only the legitimate owner can prevent a token from being spent, and (3) service-side privacy--the Unicity Service cannot link transactions with the same token. The user-side privacy is addressed by introducing generalized multi-public-key signature schemes that allow one secret to generate multiple unlinkable public keys, and interactive and non-interactive concrete instantiations, enabling private transactions with stable public identity with minimal key management overhead.","short_abstract":"This paper introduces the Unicity Execution Layer, a modular component of the Unicity framework enabling secure off-chain transactions while maintaining trustless double-spending prevention. We present a formal security model where token ownership is represented by public keys and transfers require digital signatures....","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02181","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2606.02181v1","authors":"[\"Ahto Buldas\",\"Dirk Draheim\",\"Mike Gault\",\"Risto Laanoja\",\"Vladimir Rogojin\",\"Ahto Truu\"]","published":"2026-06-01T12:37:31Z","proceeding":"cs.CR","tasks":"[\"cs.CR\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}