{"ID":2885235,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05378","arxiv_id":"2508.05378","title":"Voltage Support Procurement in Transmission Grids: Incentive Design via Online Bilevel Games","abstract":"The integration of distributed energy resources into transmission grid operations presents a complex challenge, particularly in the context of reactive power procurement for voltage support. This paper addresses this challenge by formulating the voltage regulation problem as a Stackelberg game, where the Transmission System Operator (TSO) designs incentives to guide the reactive power responses of Distribution System Operators (DSOs). We utilize a gradient-based iterative algorithm that updates the incentives to ensure that DSOs adjust their reactive power injections to maintain voltage stability. We incorporate principles from online feedback optimization to enable real-time implementation, utilizing voltage measurements in both TSO's and DSOs' policies. This approach not only enhances the robustness against model uncertainties and changing operating conditions but also facilitates the co-design of incentives and automation. Numerical experiments on a 5-bus transmission grid demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in achieving voltage regulation while accommodating the strategic interactions of self-interested DSOs.","short_abstract":"The integration of distributed energy resources into transmission grid operations presents a complex challenge, particularly in the context of reactive power procurement for voltage support. This paper addresses this challenge by formulating the voltage regulation problem as a Stackelberg game, where the Transmission S...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.05378","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.05378v2","authors":"[\"Zhisen Jiang\",\"Saverio Bolognani\",\"Giuseppe Belgioioso\"]","published":"2025-08-07T13:21:10Z","proceeding":"math.OC","tasks":"[\"math.OC\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}