{"ID":2865886,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.20941","arxiv_id":"2509.20941","title":"Decoding the Surgical Scene: A Scoping Review of Scene Graphs in Surgery","abstract":"As surgical AI transitions from pixel-level detection to complex reasoning, Scene Graphs (SGs) offer the structured, relational representations necessary to decode dynamic surgical environments. This PRISMA-ScR-guided scoping review systematically maps the evolving landscape of SG research in surgery, analyzing 52 primary studies to chart applications and methodological shifts. Our analysis reveals rapid growth, yet uncovers a critical 'data divide': internal-view research (e.g., triplet recognition from endoscopic video) accounts for 81% of studies and almost exclusively uses real-world 2D video, while external-view operating room modeling relies heavily on simulated data. Methodologically, we identify a decisive shift from foundational graph neural networks to specialized foundation models and generative AI, which together now account for approximately 50% of research in 2025. Crucially, our synthesis suggests that Scene Graphs are evolving from simple descriptors into essential 'neuro-symbolic guardrails', providing the structured, verifiable intermediate representation needed to prevent hallucinations in increasingly autonomous Surgical Foundation Models. Despite this promise, a major translational gap remains: none of the reviewed studies have proceeded to prospective clinical validation. We conclude that bridging this gap requires moving beyond standard computer vision metrics; we therefore propose the 'Validation Trinity' -- prioritizing Semantic Query Success, Latency-Aware Accuracy, and Safety-Critical Recall -- as the necessary evaluation framework to bring graph-based surgical AI into clinical practice.","short_abstract":"As surgical AI transitions from pixel-level detection to complex reasoning, Scene Graphs (SGs) offer the structured, relational representations necessary to decode dynamic surgical environments. This PRISMA-ScR-guided scoping review systematically maps the evolving landscape of SG research in surgery, analyzing 52 prim...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.20941","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.20941v2","authors":"[\"Angelo Henriques\",\"Korab Hoxha\",\"Daniel Zapp\",\"Peter C. Issa\",\"Nassir Navab\",\"M. Ali Nasseri\"]","published":"2025-09-25T09:25:46Z","proceeding":"cs.CV","tasks":"[\"cs.CV\"]","methods":"[\"Graph Neural Network\"]","has_code":false}