{"ID":2844858,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05090","arxiv_id":"2511.05090","title":"Average and Worst-case Analysis of MIMO Beamforming Loss due to Hardware Impairments","abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the impact of hardware impairments in antenna arrays on the beamforming performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication systems. We consider two types of imperfections: per-element gain mismatches and inter-element spacing deviations. We analytically determine the impairment configurations that result in the worst-case degradation. In addition, the analytical expression of the average-case performance is also derived for comparison. Simulation and theoretical results show that the average SNR degradation remains relatively limited, whereas the worst-case scenarios can exhibit substantially higher losses. These findings provide clear insight into the robustness limits of MIMO systems under practical hardware imperfections.","short_abstract":"In this paper, we investigate the impact of hardware impairments in antenna arrays on the beamforming performance of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) communication systems. We consider two types of imperfections: per-element gain mismatches and inter-element spacing deviations. We analytically determine the impairment c...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05090","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.05090v1","authors":"[\"Xuan Chen\",\"Matthieu Crussière\",\"Luc Le Magoarou\"]","published":"2025-11-07T09:08:51Z","proceeding":"eess.SP","tasks":"[\"eess.SP\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}