{"ID":2843580,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08575","arxiv_id":"2511.08575","title":"CO2-Meter: A Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Estimator for LLMs on Edge Devices","abstract":"LLMs have transformed NLP, yet deploying them on edge devices poses great carbon challenges. Prior estimators remain incomplete, neglecting peripheral energy use, distinct prefill/decode behaviors, and SoC design complexity. This paper presents CO2-Meter, a unified framework for estimating operational and embodied carbon in LLM edge inference. Contributions include: (1) equation-based peripheral energy models and datasets; (2) a GNN-based predictor with phase-specific LLM energy data; (3) a unit-level embodied carbon model for SoC bottleneck analysis; and (4) validation showing superior accuracy over prior methods. Case studies show CO2-Meter's effectiveness in identifying carbon hotspots and guiding sustainable LLM design on edge platforms. Source code: https://github.com/fuzhenxiao/CO2-Meter","short_abstract":"LLMs have transformed NLP, yet deploying them on edge devices poses great carbon challenges. Prior estimators remain incomplete, neglecting peripheral energy use, distinct prefill/decode behaviors, and SoC design complexity. This paper presents CO2-Meter, a unified framework for estimating operational and embodied carb...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08575","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.08575v1","authors":"[\"Zhenxiao Fu\",\"Chen Fan\",\"Lei Jiang\"]","published":"2025-11-11T18:55:49Z","proceeding":"cs.AR","tasks":"[\"cs.AR\"]","methods":"[\"Large Language Model\",\"Graph Neural Network\"]","has_code":false,"code_links":[{"ID":607228,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_id":2843580,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08575","paper_title":"CO2-Meter: A Comprehensive Carbon Footprint Estimator for LLMs on Edge Devices","repo_url":"https://github.com/fuzhenxiao/CO2-Meter","is_official":false,"mentioned_in_paper":false,"mentioned_in_github":true,"github_stars":0}]}