{"ID":2837876,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18257","arxiv_id":"2511.18257","title":"Energy-Efficient Routing for Electric Vehicles under Acceleration and Load Effects","abstract":"This paper proposes an Acceleration and Load-Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (ALD-EVRP), to optimize the energy consumption (EC) while capturing the effects of changing traffic conditions between peak and off-peak periods. We generalize the time-dependent speed model by replacing step functions with piecewise linear functions. The EC of each vehicle is influenced by its speed, acceleration, and real-time load. A mathematical model is developed and solved using BonMin, and a custom meta-heuristic algorithm is proposed for large-scale problems, yielding the same results as BonMin on small problems and performing better on larger ones. This is validated with real data from Singapore.","short_abstract":"This paper proposes an Acceleration and Load-Dependent Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (ALD-EVRP), to optimize the energy consumption (EC) while capturing the effects of changing traffic conditions between peak and off-peak periods. We generalize the time-dependent speed model by replacing step functions with piecewis...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.18257","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.18257v1","authors":"[\"Tingting Su\",\"Xinyue Zhang\",\"Jingyi Zhao\"]","published":"2025-11-23T03:04:28Z","proceeding":"math.OC","tasks":"[\"math.OC\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}