{"ID":2825188,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.21587","arxiv_id":"2512.21587","title":"Incorporating rank-free coupling and external field via an incoherent modulated spatial photonic Ising machine","abstract":"Spatial photonic Ising machines offer a novel optical platform for optimization and spin-model simulation, but existing diffraction-based schemes rely on auxiliary spins or multiplexing to encode high-rank couplings and external fields, reducing either speed or spin count. We demonstrate an amplitude-only, rank-free spatial photonic Ising machine in which arbitrary Ising Hamiltonians are encoded as Hadamard products on aligned amplitude and binary spatial modulators and read out by a single-pixel intensity measurement. The machine directly programs fully connected 797-spin Ising models with external fields at nearly 9-bit precision and operates at a constant iteration rate of ~200 Hz. By removing zero-valued product terms, the same architecture scales to sparse problems and experimentally solves a Max-Cut instance on a 424,108-vertex Mobius ladder graph. We also observe the phase transition of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, demonstrating programmable optical simulation beyond low-rank couplings. These results establish amplitude modulation as a scalable route to programmable photonic Ising machines.","short_abstract":"Spatial photonic Ising machines offer a novel optical platform for optimization and spin-model simulation, but existing diffraction-based schemes rely on auxiliary spins or multiplexing to encode high-rank couplings and external fields, reducing either speed or spin count. We demonstrate an amplitude-only, rank-free sp...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.21587","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.21587v2","authors":"[\"Ze Zheng\",\"Yuegang Li\",\"Hang Xu\",\"Jingzheng Huang\",\"Tailong Xiao\",\"Guihua Zeng\"]","published":"2025-12-25T09:11:48Z","proceeding":"physics.optics","tasks":"[\"physics.optics\",\"cond-mat.dis-nn\",\"cs.LG\",\"math-ph\",\"physics.app-ph\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}