{"ID":2824835,"CreatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","UpdatedAt":"2026-06-01T04:54:23.091178241Z","DeletedAt":null,"paper_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22616","arxiv_id":"2512.22616","title":"Raven: Mining Defensive Patterns in Ethereum via Semantic Transaction Revert Invariants Categories","abstract":"We frame Ethereum transactions reverted by invariants-require(\u003cinvariant\u003e)/ assert(\u003cinvariant\u003e)/if (\u003cinvariant\u003e) revert statements in the contract implementation-as a positive signal of active on-chain defenses. Despite their value, the defensive patterns in these transactions remain undiscovered and underutilized in security research. We present Raven, a framework that aligns reverted transactions to the invariant causing the reversion in the smart contract source code, embeds these invariants using our BERT-based fine-tuned model, and clusters them by semantic intent to mine defensive invariant categories on Ethereum. Evaluated on a sample of 20,000 reverted transactions, Raven achieves cohesive and meaningful clusters of transaction-reverting invariants. Manual expert review of the mined 19 semantic clusters uncovers six new invariant categories absent from existing invariant catalogs, including feature toggles, replay prevention, proof/signature verification, counters, caller-provided slippage thresholds, and allow/ban/bot lists. To demonstrate the practical utility of this invariant catalog mining pipeline, we conduct a case study using one of the newly discovered invariant categories as a fuzzing oracle to detect vulnerabilities in a real-world attack. Raven thus can map Ethereum's successful defenses. These invariant categories enable security researchers to develop analysis tools based on data-driven security oracles extracted from the smart contracts' working defenses.","short_abstract":"We frame Ethereum transactions reverted by invariants-require(\u003cinvariant\u003e)/ assert(\u003cinvariant\u003e)/if (\u003cinvariant\u003e) revert statements in the contract implementation-as a positive signal of active on-chain defenses. Despite their value, the defensive patterns in these transactions remain undiscovered and underutilized in s...","url_abs":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22616","url_pdf":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.22616v1","authors":"[\"Mojtaba Eshghie\",\"Melissa Mazura\",\"Alexandre Bartel\"]","published":"2025-12-27T14:47:38Z","proceeding":"cs.CR","tasks":"[\"cs.CR\"]","methods":"[]","has_code":false}